一株四合木链格孢发酵产物的脂肪酸组分GC-MS分析

[目的]分析四合木链格孢发酵产物的脂肪酸组分。[方法]对四合木链格孢进行液体发酵培养,提取分离发酵产物中的脂肪酸,甲酯化处理后,利用GC-MS技术分别检测四合木链格孢发酵液和菌丝体中脂肪酸的组成。[结果]发酵液中检测出9种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量63.04%,主要为油酸28.41%,亚油酸24.17%,亚麻酸3.85%,饱和脂肪酸中的棕榈酸相对含量最高为26.19%,其次为硬脂酸5.15%。菌丝体检测出7种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量74.30%,主要为油酸30.87%,亚油酸31.57%,亚麻酸7.51%;饱和脂肪酸中的棕榈酸相对含量最高为16.85%,其次为硬脂酸5.76%。[结论]对四合木链格孢进行液体发酵培养能产生多种脂肪酸,可以开发作为利用微生物发酵生产脂肪酸的重要途径之一。     

A disease survey of Fusarium wilt and Alternaria blight on sweet potato in South Africa

A disease survey was conducted on sweet potato in the major production areas of South Africa in 2006-2008 to determine the importance of wilt disease (WD) and Alternaria blight (AB) caused by Alternaria bataticola. The disease prevalence, incidence and severity were assessed for both WD and AB in 58 sweet potato fields in seven provinces, and included both commercial and resource-poor growers. The prevalence of WD in commercial fields was significantly higher than in resource-poor fields; while disease incidence and severity were very low in both commercial and resource-poor fields. Soil pH showed a moderate negative linear correlation to WD severity. WD is at present considered a minor disease of sweet potato in South Africa, although local outbreaks can be damaging. AB had very low disease prevalence, incidence and severity levels in both commercial and resource-poor fields countrywide. However, one of the fields had moderately high disease incidence and severity levels, showing that the disease can be destructive if not controlled. AB should be considered a potentially destructive disease of sweet potato in South Africa. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated from WD plants, with F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas identified, but other formae speciales were also associated with the disease.     

An innovative tapping system, the double cut alternative, to improve the yield of Hevea brasiliensis in Thai rubber plantations

In Thailand, the continuous decrease in the size of rubber plantations has led to the general adoption of intensive tapping systems which may lead to over harvesting, high rates of tapping panel dryness (TPD), short life-cycles of the plantations, and low labour productivity. In Thailand, farmers use a half-spiral downward tapping system (S/2) or a one third-spiral (S/3) with a tapping frequency of once two days (d2) or more. To increase productivity, it is difficult to reduce tapping frequencies, even with ethylene stimulation, as this would result in days without work for tappers. The purpose of this study was to characterize the behaviour of the Hevea latex yield under the double cut alternative tapping system (DCA). The aim was ensure the long-term sustainability of latex yield by increasing the time required for latex regeneration between two tappings through splitting this high tapping intensity (100% or above) into two different tapping cuts tapped alternately (S/2 d47d7(t,t). Over a period of 10 years, compared to a single cut tapping system (S/2 d2) of equivalent intensity, DCA increased cumulative rubber production by 9%. Ability of the trees to produce more latex under DCA was related to the sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents of the latex cells in each tapping panel. DCA produced metabolic activity more favourable to yield during the first 10 years of tapping. But DCA also resulted in higher TPD rates, a sign of a metabolic dysfunction of the productive bark. DCA is a new tapping system. Further research is required to optimize the use of the DCA strategy. Such research will lead to new advances in our knowledge of the physiology of the rubber tree, mainly at the trunk scale.     

生防菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌的防治作用

[目的]研究生防菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌（Alternaria mali）的抑菌活性、在苹果叶片上的定殖能力以及一些化学农药对生防菌的影响。[方法]采集松本锦苹果健叶,进行离体叶片试验、定殖试验,并进行不同农药对生防菌的影响试验。[结果]枯草芽孢杆菌BS-315对苹果斑点落叶病菌表现出较强的抑制作用,在叶片上涂抹菌体1 d后接病原菌,3 d后抑制效果在90%以上。BS-315能够在松本锦苹果叶片中定殖,定殖量在接种3 d后最大。4种杀菌剂浓度均为田间使用浓度,其中嘧菌酯和多抗霉素对BS-315的生长有一定的促进作用,而多菌灵和丙环唑则完全抑制BS-315的生长。[结论]该研究可为生防制剂的研发和合理使用提供理论依据。     

分根交替灌水对棉花生长、光合与水分利用效率的影响

应用部分根区干燥(PRD)技术,研究分根交替灌水(APRI)、分根固定灌水(FPRI)与全根系均匀灌水(BPRI)对盆栽棉花的生长、光合和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:APRI黎明前与正午的叶水势均明显高于FPRI,而与BPRI无显著差异。APRI在叶片水分状况未变化时,显著降低了气孔导度,在维持光合作用不变的情况下,减少蒸腾量,瞬时水分利用效率与FPRI和BPRI相比分别提高了35.86%和63.51%。APRI处理的棉株在干旱复水后由于补偿效应,叶片生长速率和总叶面积较同等灌水量的FPRI分别提高了67.42%和27.16%。同时,干湿交替刺激APRI处理棉株的吸收根生长,其干重是FPRI的1.39倍。分根交替灌水在节水50%条件下,比同水量固定灌水处理的水分利用效率显著提高。     

刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的影响因子

为了探讨刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的影响因素,在刺五加不同器官汁液等基质培养条件下及在不同温度处理条件下,研究了刺五加黑斑病菌在不同时间的孢子萌发率.刺五加黑斑病菌在刺五加不同器官汁液基质培养条件下及在不同温度处理条件下,孢子的萌发率都随着时间的延长而升高;其中在不同刺五加器官汁液基质处理条件的孢子萌发率比清水对照高,表明其各器官汁液基质更有利于病原菌孢子的萌发,其中茎基质处理的孢子萌发率最高;而在不同温度处理条件下,各调查时间段中,病原菌孢子萌发率都是在25℃时最高.即刺五加黑斑病菌孢子萌发的最适温度为25℃.     

一株铰链孢属真菌培养条件及激活蛋白的提取

本研究以PD培养液为测定培养基,对一株铰链孢属(Alternaria spp.)真菌的培养条件进行了初步研究,通过正交试验设计,确定其最佳培养条件为26℃,160 r/min,装液量120 mL/250 mL,培养72 h时菌丝干重量最高。使用超声波破碎法,从所培养的铰链孢属真菌中提取到分子量为42～43kD的激活蛋白。     

灌水方式对不同施肥水平烤烟产量和品质的影响

 【目的】为寻找烟田节水调质灌溉方式的理论依据,本文在不同施肥水平下,研究不同沟灌方式对烤烟产量和品质的影响。【方法】分别在低肥和高肥条件下进行3种不同沟灌方式即常规每沟灌水（CF）,固定隔沟灌水（FFI）和交替隔沟灌水（AFI）的田间试验,并测定产量和烟叶的化学成分。【结果】AFI和FFI处理在减少40%灌水量条件下,与CF相比,在低肥和高肥时AFI处理的烟叶产量分别提高7.8%和8.5%,单位肥料烟叶生产量分别提高7.9%和8.6%;而FFI处理的烟叶产量分别下降0.4%和1.7%,单位肥料烟叶生产量分别下降0.5%和1.8%。且低肥处理的单位肥料生产量均比高肥处理高。同时,AFI处理能提高烟叶中总糖、还原糖、氮、钾和粗蛋白含量,与CF相比,在低肥和高肥时分别提高4.0%和4.0%、1.9%和6.6%、3.8%和5.0%、23.8%和40.1%、2.2%和9.7%;而AFI处理的烟叶中烟碱和氯含量在低肥和高肥时则分别下降7.4%和22.8%、4.8%和7.1%。【结论】AFI能节约灌水量,对烤烟产量有一定的提高作用,并能改善烤烟内在品质;而且交替沟灌与合理施肥相结合,其有利作用可以得到更好地发挥。     

温度对刺五加黑斑病菌的影响

[目的]探讨温度对刺五加黑斑病菌的影响。[方法]在不同温度条件处理下,对刺五加黑斑病菌的生长速率和病原菌孢子的萌发状况进行系统的研究和分析。[结果]刺五加黑斑病病原菌对温度条件的适应性比较强,在5—35℃温度范围内均可以生长,超过40℃不能生长．而且在60℃以下的温度条件下均可以存活,最适宜的生长温度范围为25—30℃。其孢子萌发率在25℃时随着时间的延长而升高。刺五加黑斑病病原菌的生长速率和病原菌孢子的萌发率都是在25℃温度条件处理下为最高,表明25℃是刺五加黑斑病菌生长发育和侵染的最佳温度。[结论]该研究证明温度对刺五加黑斑病菌的生长速率和孢子萌发率均具有较大影响,该研究为刺五加黑斑病的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

Characterization of mutations in the membrane-anchored subunits AaSDHC and AaSDHD of succinate dehydrogenase from Alternaria alternata isolates conferring field resistance to the fungicide boscalid

The molecular basis of resistance to the fungicide boscalid in 25 Alternaria alternata field mutants exhibiting resistance to boscalid and previously tested negative for AaSDHB mutations conferring boscalid resistance was investigated by cloning and sequencing the A. alternata SDHC ( AaSDHC ) and SDHD ( AaSDHD ) genes from a boscalid-sensitive isolate. The SDHB and SDHC/SDHD genes encode the iron sulphur and two membrane-anchored subunits of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) that constitute the boscalid fungicide molecular targets. The deduced amino acid sequences exhibited low similarities with SDHC and SDHD peptides from other organisms, but residues essential to form the ubiquinone binding site or important in SQR assembly were particularly conserved. Sequence comparisons of the AaSDHC and AaSDHD genes between resistant mutants and wild-type isolates revealed that two highly conserved histidine residues implicated in the heme b ligation and located at codon 134 in AaSDHC (22 mutants) and codon 133 in AaSDHD (two mutants) were replaced by arginine residues (H134R and H133R). In another mutant, a substitution of an aspartate by a glutamic acid occurred at amino acid position 123 (D123E) in AaSDHD. Additional tests revealed that mycelial growth of boscalid-resistant isolates was reduced when isolates were subjected to oxidative stress. The identified mutations were confirmed using PCR-RFLP assays. This is apparently the first report of mutations located in the heme b ligands of the cytochrome II gene associated with carboxamide resistance.